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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old3 O$ e% ~% l- _7 S/ @4 {
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
, y  \5 \- S, ?: u/ O/ B, fExposure to Testosterone
$ ?' ]/ i9 G# uSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2  d& o' A! e4 U- ?
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
. l9 p2 g; B# \: n% w8 L* f$ X7 KClinical Pediatrics" q6 w3 q) r* _0 Q8 z) w( b
Volume 46 Number 6
: T2 \' U0 i9 W4 Q0 JJuly 2007 540-543; x9 ^- G$ X" s
© 2007 Sage Publications
% N0 ~7 _6 X. T2 R& S$ r10.1177/0009922806296651  Q0 S. G8 K+ q1 p" V; _
http://clp.sagepub.com; k3 ^: x, G# U1 b) L' p2 u$ t0 w
hosted at& F3 i  B& R! b; C$ _; f$ G
http://online.sagepub.com
* W# K( K3 z/ M# t! b+ [* @& H; pPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,; {6 c) s0 ~8 C/ m, Z. w
is a significant concern for physicians. Central" y8 @0 G% |7 T. {5 _
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
6 A( v( ?$ G7 b, L3 Ethrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has! e5 O' {9 W7 }" P  e
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
; l- {) l& A' c" p- |lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
8 T; n, B0 a  |  s" _/ jby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic. t- z' {, j, V, W
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-7 @( p& [& r" b. r3 D
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We3 k$ j  r( m. s9 n
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the8 S* E- w  }. d% o8 e
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-: |3 B8 j5 {! D7 a( J! K( Q
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due) O; L5 E$ f6 W
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
  M" U9 ]; R" s7 A3 _9 y8 j- Ethe father. The family initially concealed this infor-* H7 |" q- U6 w. Q! d
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
- K) G  p9 s6 O0 T, W+ ?8 ~7 M- Gchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of4 j: S$ G: z3 n$ G4 ^3 u7 W# U
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
& i. l# ]2 b8 g  P( ybly more common than the rare case report in the" \; O! e) Y8 G; q, p
literature.4
( {1 \) j* z& o2 m3 m5 ]8 {/ MPatient Report
9 ~$ t7 W5 r, Q. A! xA 16-month-old white child was referred to the" r8 U) u+ e' k& V6 l
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
. p" P9 O6 z6 s  h& [% Iof early sexual development. His mother noticed( y! S8 x& g6 \0 B$ u/ g  p
light colored pubic hair development when he was
4 y8 G2 ^# ~/ {! y9 u) l8 b  J. _9 }From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
; K2 ^+ Y( l- Y: H" b( |5 }South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.' O/ i' n2 D% n: M1 Y) N) @9 p) i0 M
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,2 G) {8 Y+ h- y+ C+ R" I
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
3 i: o( i0 h  o- |Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
6 _$ n0 L. i$ ]$ I% R( j- be-mail: [email protected].4 n) v8 P" j1 P
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
' k2 P/ V5 A1 M1 Rdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
6 n2 d7 v' K- c! x6 V/ B& _! S; \ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child7 ~2 b' T) i1 m2 s# T3 m7 o
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with+ S3 q2 @# T9 d# `" n' g; m- K, S. b% _% H
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of3 Z# J  O4 d- j6 f% ]
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year: n) R& y4 u" H2 ?8 _
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
3 g+ [3 R* N1 lsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
3 n6 f) k9 x" o% j, Qand his psychosocial and psychomotor development  V8 D9 C+ {1 m  H& V( l7 a6 y2 P% l
was age appropriate.( Y5 B9 r9 x. T8 ~+ E
The family history was remarkable for the father,
1 i4 A! Z! |% F- Z/ Z. R  N+ \who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
" F6 a! I8 X' D, q, G- R( qwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
( _; s+ {" E5 U- Z1 b1 s1 F( ^3 Oheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
! Z. K. P% O/ \# P2 Cearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.6 E& n1 S- R2 B9 D/ N8 x
The father denied taking any other medication. The
* D; U7 f! t( D) w  w! wchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche% m2 Q# Y3 ~; y9 k! q0 {% b- g
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
1 `5 `, y: p5 O5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-' s2 |# d2 I' N# M
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
/ f* P0 u( C2 }% [3 ~tives. There were no siblings.- \. f6 E" p: @' c" w
Physical Examination1 H% I% p% U/ R; K! i8 `, V
The physical examination revealed a very active,& O7 D( }5 N2 z& B1 X) k
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented* p" s; X) l6 B$ R; B
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was7 P. ~: ]* c" u$ J3 t$ V3 ^8 F
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg5 S1 \0 N& ]- Y& G8 \
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth% l3 K0 b. c* P% z. @
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of& @9 \7 Z4 f: ]
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
  F# `; N0 g7 [! \$ u/ JThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
: l1 o( b1 E. r6 j3 Menlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of7 Q' g  P" \) ^
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well2 l. [/ W* i! c7 _/ P) ]7 ]& Z
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around9 N6 A# M4 w8 h+ v1 B+ A) {" R! Q
540: u/ }% j+ e3 m1 P. I. M1 n: d+ y
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
: {) r2 K8 H! E9 J  Mthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
) f6 v3 j) \) @( x! t6 `. ztesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.# R" Z& C: Y' }% X
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
: T2 b% f8 V2 s! B, Voily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
- G3 E/ x, Q6 [! x# i& L/ k1 cabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
( }+ h4 U/ @6 A/ d. rNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
( F# G' s5 m% O% z; m/ `. x5 abilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion9 [" `; L' x  G! m7 j
of papilledema.
1 P4 l1 n$ l( p1 u) `5 HLaboratory Evaluation
4 r8 ?: E9 @- S+ D2 ~7 S3 D: g) |The bone age was consistent with 28 months by$ f1 @1 j; w) l0 H+ ]  u; e
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
/ i' J& P# I, Alogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
, a/ h4 V  [: S8 G, |karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
; s, O0 I0 u+ ^. |7 L# J: A3 _showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
6 V+ X3 i; P" m  j! {9 n8 _1 p! Xlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
$ L7 ^$ _- z! d/ E. iThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood: w2 J& f! Z, o- J5 t$ D
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were+ c- U; P/ j- [) b* D( k
within normal range for his age. The concentration  q* `  Y! `5 x0 _4 {
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL) B+ t# R7 [! z, p* e4 @: _
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
/ K* b& s- P& @1 l! G5 S' Vng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
' l2 v% Y% T' k$ e6 \$ {- X0 |terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
* w, ~4 B4 L$ Z* @; Y, Gdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
0 L$ d' u# C$ x/ J& y, s5 `49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)  z+ u5 i$ t7 ]: k/ w3 b
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-1 z- k  A0 p- t0 H: w
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total! c9 L8 ~- d# |$ z, Z
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),+ b: i4 n6 c# N3 z/ c0 R; }
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than& d/ L0 ~; c- s, q' l/ _
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
" ?1 U$ Z% k& f4 O9 d' Z6 G) \5 cstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone& L" [9 f1 u4 |
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
* |% z- c* G; \1 z. ?( ^(prepubertal).8 s3 O$ g# l  ]* w# r. N/ H- d4 ^
The parents were notified about the laboratory* P9 \5 B8 K6 L
results and were informed that all of the tests were% q) m9 g- ]! x$ I6 n* w/ i* m
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
* g3 v1 w9 i- Rfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
9 ~: w- D; J) z3 E6 r* z+ x# R8 R6 iobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
  V7 p2 i% J8 T' D' v! e% ]ever, the family did not return for 4 months.! ^% c" ]% G8 N7 o, H1 [4 Y
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
' ?- ^* h; R' x" Ochild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained* `* v4 k, r  x4 ^1 v, l7 ]9 T
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
4 a! q/ x: j2 ?& R3 Y  kunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
5 k3 f6 [& }$ M! S# I+ ^9 _9 Dpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at+ w. l& y8 r  [2 @) s9 j
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
! }& M# y% m0 Y0 o* Y# v3 ^! PmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.4 F) \. U- l; a1 _# z( {7 }
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
$ e4 s$ ?# f" N7 k6 {, _ing frequent erections.- E. j' {4 I3 s! D* Q& M
Both parents were again questioned about use of! K. d) x1 h/ q( M+ y
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to3 J: _! b3 P$ [" T9 s, ^
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
1 v' R, I6 X9 Q6 }' F1 f2 d8 B1 xTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
+ u$ u5 S: l. @4 |6 A. I) R/ \: Luse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
- \7 z8 n5 \) x0 e, fing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
/ p0 W  C9 G+ w0 {5 aa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
$ l7 M: a+ h5 w: V" pto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-, `  @3 H) Z0 R1 H( T- A3 @
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido' j; [. ~5 k2 Y# Y2 U- e- t7 S
secondary to depression.
" }' ~* Z7 c" g4 y4 dThe child slept in the same bed with parents.- ]4 |) ^$ J  Q7 D  A# ^  u
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
# T1 {: U4 }# h1 m6 G  N1 R' z! mchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-# E) Q8 ^& i# B( p0 O/ U) v
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
- p6 t8 N$ t/ }$ E& oThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
/ s' N* [) p9 \8 T% U3 h9 Nwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby: V! n. p7 h' h& W% X
was high, he then read the product information# N/ E4 t9 u9 E9 s0 H7 |, I
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
2 y& s5 D' P- Eson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
) S1 B2 _  \  u4 wdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
4 K. ~: r% ?; U# u# C" _father was not hugging him with bare skin and had  @+ r9 [  L5 D+ l) }1 d
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
4 k  ~5 ^  X( r8 Ftest was ordered, but the family did not go to the4 N1 s! K4 V9 ]5 W8 f8 H  `/ ~) F
laboratory to obtain the test.  v8 U3 T4 @6 p. w( S5 I& z1 X
Discussion
$ z6 q6 f) A0 m/ n7 EPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary& P+ `1 o( j4 [8 I3 ?7 o
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4% _/ q4 S" \6 J: j5 P, B; ]
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
% d% q# t: Y. @$ }" K7 Y- _it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-5 @& u5 n4 N! d5 D5 K
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-4 }( M; P9 ^( z; j; C, p! G: c
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
# R5 ?: M, K- \0 B/ amay have a central nervous system lesion that is
8 _9 H* r* R& S0 e! _! sresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-5 |6 j8 u/ G/ z1 ?- X$ B
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-% s( G' r2 y, a* P. T. s: E
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
9 ]* `  h; b( o3 P! fboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
: g  k6 f. S' Kization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
# h+ W6 N3 x( t. `) e, \5 T& a$ D: R7 ]rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
- m' B# K5 m* j; j2 ]! wgonadotropins.1,3
$ i8 v) P" X  F% K1 J' tGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
% R9 s- _" _9 c* r5 }4 E+ @3 scious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate+ D! P% F5 V, e4 P% J/ E; V6 z
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or1 K7 {  p- c2 T. n! X! E
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
) y2 h) Q. m; R& `  I$ L# b8 Bulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
: X) ^7 v$ c4 Pcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive% n0 W6 l0 Y0 O. l) T
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
: r5 z" S6 r- R# zpuberty in boys.3,4
" l# j" Y& I; c. T4 c+ a+ vThe most common form of congenital adrenal
  j; Z: X, w' b: i0 @3 F+ `2 {% khyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.! B  O8 d+ m0 b7 I6 c
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
" X4 l. L8 e8 texcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
* u+ }3 L, _! A7 z1 Oan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
8 c" e% i5 r, m  uexcess.1,3* W) _8 @) s# _6 q' l
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from9 C( D3 Q& G' J# y6 a7 N: H9 r
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
8 |0 x" a0 k9 w' k. vA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-+ q/ w  C9 Q2 X* p1 U2 j3 T/ J
independent precocious puberty, which is also known1 z5 O2 @0 k) R" I9 A/ o' K
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a+ I1 O! S% S9 y/ }$ U. p7 D) x! g( E8 M
very young age. The physical findings in these boys, Y- d: ^5 R! i3 A
with this disorder are full pubertal development,, i, X) l; Q7 r
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
$ s; \' b! R1 F/ A' _% pwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder$ S, c! {8 I8 w
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show& ?. {3 C5 o" R8 B0 i& ?( t
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
% e7 N4 f3 I+ n' Treleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
) p" S+ A0 Q$ e* s3 u! y( M$ [* vautosomal dominant disorder that affects only" z: U+ Q7 q6 t8 q
males; therefore, other male members of the family
5 U- [! s, P6 j* `  ~( Smay have similar precocious puberty.3( M9 W; h3 ?! v3 P- |) v* m
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
2 y0 O& [& R& ]. ~$ Zsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-. F! ]6 R/ y; }# H, q- a8 u
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis& y1 E1 F) H/ d! n) h
was in the differential diagnosis because his father4 d! Z8 b3 r. d1 \: v8 L+ ^
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
, f1 ?2 l( [3 y4 K4 Ptesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
" y2 q/ ^6 d2 i1 N" ~7 ]beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-- }% [4 ^) \" I1 K9 h
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
. R2 d, ?* L7 T# `& n5 C/ \9 D" xbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
; w5 j. L+ T- c# B) P& R& Beither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
' |( _, Z+ l0 m0 G; [$ X' qdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
* }, w4 v* u' a# Ding the normal level of adrenal steroids.
  a, h1 {7 s; |- S* KThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
4 l& O( S" U1 bsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
( y. n, w5 V; @! Fthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
7 f, a6 ]4 o0 g( s5 J: Y, }pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
: ~; x4 U: {& b. k9 Jdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
  w# N) Q' G! T/ L& ?- |$ Eterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was) Q- s) w. x) F% H) O' D) L- m
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’" o4 O; h% j9 f( }2 `% r; l
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
" ~4 e, c8 T( U+ Q: [. Zcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
* e6 e! ?: A  N8 Z6 \unprotected females through direct skin exposure.; R" T. E! c1 W2 R/ x4 }- _  m
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
- A( G. t4 i% o' `- k' Obaseline value in those females who were exposed to
) ]1 p- S: u4 j- Y8 T! i% h+ }even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male. f9 _) N3 E# K* X
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-: u4 P) K: F2 N
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
/ n0 w5 P: S+ `3 B' Y( U! j8 B, rOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
5 Q5 m! J/ O2 j- k$ }/ L& Gwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
% z( U4 R! D! n. s# T7 Idermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-8 V6 V! o* ~. W  ?, Q. n/ f
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more2 J; z# Z1 a8 M: Z' {4 d5 |
active in young children exposed to testosterone7 ?% `2 w2 s4 M( D
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-; |) D# V+ H) ]& C) w! _2 m
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to9 L' W: f3 j3 A" n9 [& y  A
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
4 E4 K' y& U3 I+ M9 ?  mchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
# P8 B) U; C- Qadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
" A8 S- Q$ P+ t  I% ~& X8 gThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
* {3 u! _- V. T: |7 s: B3 L6 xearly childhood on pubertal development and final
! O: w7 z* R$ v+ {, o* eadult height are not fully known and always remain
6 e; i. d6 I# ^7 r( u6 r+ wa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
4 I! E1 a, {6 n+ x' n* u$ w% Tterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some' L9 s* L: z8 U& U) F+ Y
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
! x& |0 P! P; {cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
/ ^1 g2 g& Z" ?* l6 zdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,91 t, Q% k! F" W* ^. D6 V2 X3 F
There are conflicting reports and controversy
) ~7 }, u, Y) n2 z' C6 U2 Lover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult/ |1 x# c6 F" H1 N1 B! A
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
6 ?) Q# {' \5 I) H# j5 x+ padult penile length, apparently because of downreg-" a1 g$ {/ ^1 o7 j
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,9 U! r, Z/ I7 P$ A
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
; T2 F/ o) q3 uchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult- q* \0 q6 [2 J. q, S6 b6 J. S9 Q3 Z/ B; ^
penile length in clinical studies.
5 Q/ f- C. z) Y& FNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is7 o. P& H7 l2 D4 W, f
going to experience any of the untoward effects from1 Y5 M+ |# {. D5 O
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because9 A1 [4 [9 n& j& P3 G
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.0 Y6 ^+ `+ k, k, T) Z, W5 L# q* X
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
, Q; o$ e* W! S$ G% F; ]; Ediagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
/ O0 B3 ?3 p# x, V! I7 ~6 Ythe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult! R9 H+ ]/ M7 T7 c9 v. k9 M% p0 s3 o% R
height will not be affected., u& W3 d+ n* g% E$ C- B3 f
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
0 I; z- t1 \0 Q) J& L; G& S3 x( Tability of androgen products in our society may2 T/ B- O& H0 L; k6 B
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
7 c8 ]+ K+ ?4 X6 z" T; @1 F% vchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-2 y% T3 @) y2 T+ u: V; ]
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
" q3 V! S6 S  W& x9 N7 etioning about the use of a testosterone product or4 X; M5 O! }; a% `
gel should be asked of the family members during3 |" ]3 j8 E( k/ j7 L
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
1 h  j# }; O0 |$ Wilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-% y0 ~% ~1 [3 {4 Z' Q) X1 |: u
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by2 T; r2 b9 ^7 K8 \; e# E# t
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
1 G4 I" G: E; J+ z1 Mhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
. v" H8 J  Y- U4 j! V. ?result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive( @! [. e6 p  \4 r+ e
investigation. The primary care physician should be
; t; z5 }, `: saware of this fact, because most of these children
7 \4 p$ n6 F6 k3 Q" t/ K6 Jmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’0 K: g( T/ W5 I8 Z) O+ k' A6 Q2 Y
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a" M5 l) H- `0 |7 V' Y) W
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
8 e) Y, G" L; N+ t7 {/ ?female child who might come in contact with some-
, [9 h: D' L, \one using any of these products.
, U6 t- k* N$ VReferences: ^% e. v' z  u4 y
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
1 \# z. @, A$ \% R% u# Z0 m3 `and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
  ]5 g+ o, i% \8 FEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;* f! b9 ~3 W# [
2002: 565-628.6 T7 `8 f' K) U" E' W( j# {& ^
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
6 x) v9 J( ^% A1 kpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
' d6 S+ [1 H  ?, [1 m2 ^Boy Induced by Indirect Topical: P4 ^. N- l% r6 g4 }6 }
Exposure to Testosterone+ b- V) a: J( b! I/ E' E2 U
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2; ]% r( \3 ?' e
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD14 G" E1 n. W2 y) C8 n
Clinical Pediatrics2 E- j0 p5 B' t+ }
Volume 46 Number 69 g7 Z! J( U2 r: [( x1 q7 U! K
July 2007 540-543
% T: q5 ^  f3 a% q© 2007 Sage Publications
. c0 {; k9 T9 o10.1177/0009922806296651
: M0 }( b! V2 n- P" G0 Phttp://clp.sagepub.com
" L% x5 n! v; n$ w) `, ahosted at! |  |! M; {+ a. b3 N' u$ d
http://online.sagepub.com
9 t7 \, |2 ?7 R( ^/ ~( O! F; W( pPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
/ {: D( V5 D5 J" qis a significant concern for physicians. Central
9 a; F1 W; q! d; t6 y" v, _7 Bprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated2 q! k, n2 i9 G* I7 t2 i
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has7 a" N$ ?0 y3 @  g: r; J# _! }
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system* h& g3 R* E3 K4 q$ A
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested" a* N5 G3 q9 _3 }' ]
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic; I' |+ J; E) t; O/ n
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-$ O/ \5 ]8 [- j% s# }6 L! U7 j
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
6 f. O4 V) r+ |" V: [report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the$ v  }6 d2 O8 _2 [" A. O1 d  }4 a
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
2 ]/ z/ n3 d4 e; Q! bment without testicular enlargement, which was due
/ G: o* B3 f' e! gto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
9 B6 G! V6 C1 D* \the father. The family initially concealed this infor-4 |6 L  S8 o1 |9 P9 i* v3 f
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
1 L+ }8 S$ }* N0 R. }. _child. Given the widespread and easy availability of/ s; D) T  r$ G  }8 {
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-) x8 z+ l. ?) @5 [; T
bly more common than the rare case report in the
$ o: q( p) P% k" }literature.4
, q5 e, K: @2 z& ePatient Report
4 {9 O2 s+ B8 i1 w+ hA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
; B1 x1 c0 v" n+ P) f& bendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
! ?$ M. Q( E5 ?- O$ z6 v5 G9 hof early sexual development. His mother noticed
9 ~0 C7 W2 f: q9 ^( s( r9 N) klight colored pubic hair development when he was# L7 {, t4 k( ?1 g* V
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
4 R; C8 }( `1 M% p; `6 N. sSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.) L: h1 M( P4 S" i* V% C
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
2 w) @# i- s* N8 pProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
8 U; P" ~. C$ E0 ^1 P2 g7 _. nMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;# N, A* {2 I+ K
e-mail: [email protected].
+ U' s2 ]2 n. }8 P7 y0 babout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
# W: J: o8 D0 u" y0 Zdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-: X- I2 G. _9 M* c, z
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
9 ^$ s% _- ]. bwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
! T! b- `9 O4 K& Q  pa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
7 E- D) z9 }! Z; [: Q20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year* @+ R6 Y2 i. u% ]0 i* r, ~0 j
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with9 y; w) G7 }7 g$ c; v$ b, z
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
- j# z8 Z6 i9 W3 \5 ?8 r6 @and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
& F% r; Y6 s) [4 V  t& awas age appropriate.- t; Y" j" k; e( C3 c4 V( Z5 }
The family history was remarkable for the father,/ U0 N3 l! @" p3 G4 g/ f. k
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
& `0 k1 Z# w, }, x/ z1 Iwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s( }$ x; R+ l& Z. I; z
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
/ J8 H/ f8 f: E: m& R& Gearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
" Z& |4 ~) i. S) YThe father denied taking any other medication. The
5 v) b) k3 o; a; ?child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
. N" _7 Y( ^/ L/ _/ z/ a9 zwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet$ W: F# l# j  X/ u  c- w; M
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
  w7 R) t$ ^' Ncocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
4 s* r6 [! Q; m$ I- Wtives. There were no siblings.
4 S8 q' `5 W7 C6 {* L" O  aPhysical Examination
5 j# D6 g% Y, dThe physical examination revealed a very active,
- B$ C5 T+ y; L; g$ nplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
6 P/ K$ X1 Y/ j+ v6 _1 ?% X, ~a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
% X) Z; q- w" [% V5 [+ M90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg+ ^+ o9 \7 E* S, n
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth8 C% r1 x: R8 E' @! v  R1 x4 E$ c
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
& Q2 S, p7 Q# y0 A) J) Vthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
. Z" a: N+ v0 d- t1 ?. l( l3 O- KThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for0 ~) l+ D2 g7 B* l7 M6 ~
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of9 J; k) n# E0 C$ M0 n1 ^
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
# w5 v% c2 a# |3 J( h, t% |developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around3 s  e' D* Q( Q7 ?2 c5 g
540
  f4 y) f! v' R" D/ _' Oat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from( x5 Q1 c" I( O* ]
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The  T; X* z' r; n% M1 M% l$ v8 O- l
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.& D$ m3 }7 @: J( H( d
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
2 V! w6 _) y% m8 B* U& i: _oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
6 j/ o5 H* W0 w; u  ^  w6 labnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
) K/ q1 l$ s" |Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+; K$ v  @) k: o3 y7 q. w
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
7 h7 ~5 U, C: |* L& kof papilledema.- d2 u& N- j! E2 \
Laboratory Evaluation
; ?4 m  _9 y# i9 S- [, L& a; jThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
$ M% o" J( t1 T  t  \3 y' Dusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-; D9 b+ N1 i8 C$ H* X' x
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
  b$ B2 }% x2 {0 E( i6 O: R. Lkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
# q/ f# D7 |  ?/ P! ]showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-) ?! |8 d% [9 l, u. H, U
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).$ Z$ O& [* |, Z
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
8 A: _- M, k' {urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were/ _9 @/ x# l: _2 b3 Z, j) [
within normal range for his age. The concentration5 I: L( Z. v- i; z7 d& X7 C3 Z
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
# g) F! A( k, G& E" q(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
8 c) K2 U- {; z) {2 Ang/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
* G( ?5 x" f/ P8 }( Yterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),5 _4 \/ j1 A/ f+ t
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to% A! Y3 b  `7 E2 B- [1 d7 L
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
$ J1 o' x5 O& n; T% Iwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-8 A: |; L0 l9 t; G" @6 |* n
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
+ G9 @4 c1 m1 R/ J# I1 ctestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
# L7 I9 r* d* L3 j+ d8 [* k7 L1 jand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
7 n0 r2 [" N" ]2 p5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
3 b) @: M( b, [  C- }- D5 Lstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
9 F3 H7 o1 h( Q% |$ yconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
3 D$ J- b( _) ?2 E# ^5 n) X(prepubertal).
' X+ _  e4 {+ m! FThe parents were notified about the laboratory. P) y" v! V! \& |6 H( B& k( S  ~
results and were informed that all of the tests were
/ g; W* q$ T) b% fnormal except the testosterone level was high. The+ F  H6 e3 M8 @' i
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
( N, P! {, `/ b% I# p( fobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-5 x1 ]4 y' o4 o& n4 @* @
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
& q3 k  }7 j- s7 YPhysical examination at this time revealed that the# j' Q9 S3 g+ v$ ?4 ?
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
" Z+ t6 ]6 W5 ]  q9 C2 w: h4 k2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained& V: ^. @/ q; ?4 g- Z& f) _1 w
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
6 c8 r* E- i3 Q! s0 ^pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
, i3 C7 X5 z6 q! ~& Hthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2& h4 s4 x" n+ r8 N6 [) N
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.0 D7 {3 k9 A) G$ H* K6 F3 y
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-7 S5 t6 C9 s% ~  r% v% T. U% W2 E* h
ing frequent erections.- m; c" k! y. S! f2 l+ ^
Both parents were again questioned about use of
0 \) c6 j2 G6 b7 Jany ointment/creams that they may have applied to1 J/ c" x; p2 W' ~7 ^
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the3 ^+ [2 m4 g8 C! {& E" w& y/ D
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5410 n; Z; @( g: x, Z
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
5 v+ R# f1 f& E5 G4 k+ Y' aing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
5 w3 c8 p: B# ?3 h. C" b; [a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
  X3 ~" U( r, v% U$ ]to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-' p6 l1 W0 L2 K; q1 {
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
% I/ a9 ^+ m0 ]7 u2 U5 [. M# tsecondary to depression.
2 c2 G+ {& p7 ^# j( p. L4 DThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
- H1 O$ G, q6 A6 TThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his% q1 b# P# `+ D8 ^  P, e
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
5 b8 v# w9 P, w; Q/ |7 Jnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.& a2 A' N  _( c8 D
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
4 W9 _& h/ I3 x1 \when he learned the testosterone level in the baby2 d0 |5 ^* G% g& \- `9 f6 r0 ]
was high, he then read the product information) `" z6 a4 I: [" E2 Y$ T
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-6 }7 i8 B0 S% l' h
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they, i0 z# f+ K0 Q$ w# k" d( N* _
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
! T5 _8 ^7 R$ |) @4 Hfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
# ~; ?8 X+ @* bbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone- D# _# T- R/ t3 l7 j; }2 t# x# \
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
. S9 l; O$ n1 P4 E; v5 k; hlaboratory to obtain the test.
. G. Y9 F; K8 U1 X) [Discussion
/ D4 ^/ v/ |. K) _Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary/ T6 |$ R1 R( F% i
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
. Q! F- V. S6 p; CPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
+ Z* W% w5 ~5 Q) N9 _it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-* @3 [- ^4 _7 u6 e3 t$ \
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-# F6 q( v5 Y5 m/ a  E4 d! }4 j
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP& K3 l; i; Z* }) S. `1 C& Q9 U- i' m
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
$ H7 h( {: {) L" {9 l( Y& ~8 Q1 Lresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-% S- o; c! ^" @
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-2 S- s& R+ r0 k: p5 W- N- G: c
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
# x& J9 I: K8 z. t4 j& T2 fboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
/ K  p* m8 o+ @3 J6 Z7 Y# cization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
8 Q1 k$ Z$ z* ]" |) U' G* crical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
9 a: y# g- M8 B# i/ }gonadotropins.1,3' ?2 B' B2 l: I5 v/ |( q' o+ g
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
' r: R( {0 f4 K3 L: j( \! U& N8 ]- R$ ^cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
. h1 I& `1 m, }androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or& g6 H& [, T: S& r) g
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-" D+ Z3 k, e7 T- Y$ w5 |
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
% m, C5 ^6 |5 m9 D/ m; Hcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
8 v5 \( k" I7 R# e2 F5 iadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
; o: P' `8 Z2 Q2 M0 g4 {4 O- Jpuberty in boys.3,4! ]/ E  c  c5 T. ^) F7 C. {$ ?
The most common form of congenital adrenal. Z0 Y5 W6 D) @8 s9 T# o: U
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.4 [8 t; [+ s4 n4 _) ^5 F) M0 f
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
/ P- n4 U9 G0 u  f2 l, Y4 Pexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
  U2 v2 ]8 h7 U1 Oan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
7 a! Q( H* u% T- I7 nexcess.1,34 k  c+ c) M# V- n
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from" U" z7 }5 k: P- M, _8 O; n$ g
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
- G+ o  V7 U# ?A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-- T5 L. O$ |& {. f) x* X4 N
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
$ P. c! p$ i# A; m+ ^as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a) P% |6 R/ k% y) y' y, V
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
5 l, m, V* Z, ?1 Z# E) f7 Cwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
' i7 G  p; z5 H6 dincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
3 c% O. I( J, u& ?4 d; E; ?1 M% nwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
: O2 n1 c: O# ]$ ]are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show/ t! o/ X- X/ `. `
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-- R, H6 \4 L* s! q: K. r
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked: `! ?' B/ l1 E* \/ H: k6 D
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only6 T( h9 F, P) x) j& h$ ^5 e
males; therefore, other male members of the family7 ^' I5 X8 N1 H
may have similar precocious puberty.3' k- t) u) _: v6 h" t
In our patient, physical examination was incon-) U5 u4 K1 A+ d7 G( W
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-$ _; z6 S. `  X  B# \$ d
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis1 h7 n) [% D2 Z0 ]. X1 D. ?5 B) K/ Z* h
was in the differential diagnosis because his father% |# s' I2 V7 m& v1 D8 y1 ]
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
4 m  n! H2 \5 r% S3 Stesticular enlargement is not that evident in the9 P0 c% K: e1 n& J- V# x" J. Y" [
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
/ E" ?! O# M, m& ]8 }. t/ ]3 g! jative initial history of androgen exposure, our- w! C% [7 I0 L. \! f% @- i( Y
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,  [* `" z7 \7 u4 I* a
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
. a( |9 F" g6 ~7 W8 R, W8 \6 P0 X& A* h! Kdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-2 o% G) u- i  B* _& e$ s
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids." H& i* F# K4 u$ N  }% w8 Y8 i% A7 r
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
/ i  e5 F* I: S9 h! S7 p1 bsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because; B0 E& D2 D) [+ y/ m, {8 r
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-/ A4 S7 K9 u$ c  ]* B
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and% H3 c0 T/ W5 J8 C4 v
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-' k, z7 m7 ?2 _$ k2 l. ~
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was+ V7 A" ]9 Z0 C; S- Y) E
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’: `9 G4 Q1 x: W* R9 d/ A$ @( Z
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or! x% f4 ]2 t& q% V0 x$ F- Y
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
4 T' M. h& f; _1 |" b& U# @unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
1 G. y+ a8 n& D1 {Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
, o/ q) \1 r$ X, [9 O; S$ H4 _baseline value in those females who were exposed to
" [$ L; W2 S/ w. geven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male- x/ J, n; ?# p
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
5 C1 ?# y4 N- M  p8 e- y& Ution site, this testosterone transfer was prevented./ V' A9 _2 ]# I# ]# Y
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
/ q2 _7 G/ e! }" Ywhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
) _4 X" ?3 h$ d. Cdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
- E9 T4 N$ ^4 _& v) ^: hterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
3 J( l# _) k3 O4 g, H' I- e) Uactive in young children exposed to testosterone% B: R% e( n  w6 {( v0 d
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
$ ]) t0 k$ d3 g0 s0 u* M1 A/ pdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
4 j2 _4 @/ Q+ d4 Dvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
' Z4 T9 N, d% f0 h) s$ hchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and) }2 I& m' o( f# `& B9 W6 r
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.. p* b0 f3 B7 q$ ]
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during" c2 a6 r( N: u$ D* G: N
early childhood on pubertal development and final7 W0 l6 Y- ^$ w; a* O
adult height are not fully known and always remain
+ M# e4 V, s6 @9 h( |a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-( e7 L7 f6 J  `5 P
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some# t6 l3 _& h1 N
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
. C; i  g  [- ]/ @7 [' w  q  Acessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation6 Z* o  G4 J% O& p
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
/ w' J# u9 n6 Z, q4 k* UThere are conflicting reports and controversy. u" L! q% g, N0 `; P
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
6 u  W4 X# y! [penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
1 Z2 T' ~0 y3 z- H/ j9 Wadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
3 `- q$ ^) |( R2 _% f4 vulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
5 K) K0 f8 O' e: `Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between' O7 l9 G5 n" k5 g# \; p
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
& W6 W" W* a- kpenile length in clinical studies.
0 }+ \. ^  r% n1 @, XNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
$ I! J6 ~6 s6 U* g9 E+ ?going to experience any of the untoward effects from
: X6 f* p& Z, `" [testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
; E1 B7 b; P" \9 p; dthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
5 G. w$ v3 e/ w2 t% I3 q, YAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
% I2 J( L" [0 M$ c! V) P% Fdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
/ i/ L! ]" G4 o; h& r, cthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult4 F, @: Z$ ]/ v  ~9 c
height will not be affected.
+ l$ o/ ?1 s8 R) v  P( T; X$ ~; o  fAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-% o1 c, A4 |0 B0 \1 g$ \" O: |7 D
ability of androgen products in our society may5 O" U. k1 k4 K4 f9 Y
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
: o) k9 L7 ?! o. cchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-+ \+ R+ {/ {# m1 F: f5 [5 B
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
! u* Y; l3 D# r! Stioning about the use of a testosterone product or
; t# a7 B/ H% ~7 |+ ?8 tgel should be asked of the family members during8 }1 I- v8 b' E& u) a
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
6 W% Z8 h/ I" |7 milization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
  n$ M) k# J0 y# D' Pnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
$ ]3 N% J* g6 k6 A  z) Gappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a6 e3 k- ]4 g# H% j3 D4 g
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
0 m! S* ?' y9 {. w$ Nresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive) @. N, A. x) j# y) _% F
investigation. The primary care physician should be
" |# p# J# h3 G3 r& A8 d. f9 `aware of this fact, because most of these children
" }7 o# ~6 i" P3 Y$ L4 w$ }/ vmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
6 ~6 X+ s( F- t0 k0 Z$ e- pDesk Reference and package insert should also put a8 o' D8 y& S5 A7 L3 O1 S( |
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or, m7 _& {3 @% [- h1 `. a. j
female child who might come in contact with some-
. k" j" H' Y; X: Z/ None using any of these products.
: f4 i; j* ]7 x  |& f. m8 x4 @; Q$ eReferences
' p/ Q& c3 S6 r1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation" C! F% x* ]5 D3 g5 A) C  I( V5 U
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
1 N3 H) H0 |) p3 h. w* D' D! ?Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
( ?7 z9 {* J. O8 i# d2002: 565-628.
) `% g5 i. B3 i) i& z2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
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女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
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4个什么样的?
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么好吧v进化过程就回国参加发uft成就和;哦i回来就好v科技股份兄弟人的 路由公开vu个v库每年b
發表於 2025-4-8 11:10:25 | 顯示全部樓層
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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